LEGISLATION

Ancient Monuments Protections Act 1882, 45 & 46 Vict. Ch. 73 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1882/73/pdfs/ukpga18820073en.pdf> [accessed 17 March 2025]Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
<https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46> [accessed 17 March 2025]British Museum Act 1963 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/24> [accessed 17 March 2025]Charities Act 2011 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/25/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 1970 <https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-means-prohibiting-and-preventing-illicit-import-export-and-transfer-ownership-cultural> [accessed 17 March 2025]Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention, 1954 <https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-cultural-property-event-armed-conflict-regulations-execution-convention> [accessed 17 March 2025]Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907. <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/hague-conv-iv-1907> [accessed 18 March 2025]Cultural Property (Armed Conflicts) Act 2017 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/6/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]Dealing with Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003> [accessed 17 March 2025]Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the Return of Cultural Objects Unlawfully Removed from the Territory of a Member State and Amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0060> [accessed 17 March 2025]The Export of Objects of Cultural Interest (Control) Order 2003 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/2759/body> [accessed 17 March 2025]Government of India Act 1935 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga19350002en.pdf> [accessed 17 March 2025]Holocaust (Return of Cultural Objects) Act 2009 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/16> [accessed 17 March 2025]Human Rights Act 1998 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]Human Tissue Act 2004 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/30/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]Museums and Galleries Act 1992 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/44/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]National Heritage Act 1983 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/47/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]Regulation on the Export of Cultural Goods. Council of the European Union No. 116/2009 <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=legissum:cu0005> [accessed 17 March 2025]Return of Cultural Objects Regulations 1994 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/501/made> [accessed 17 March 2025]Theft Act 1968 <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/60/contents> [accessed 17 March 2025]United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007
<https://social.desa.un.org/sites/default/files/migrated/19/2018/11/UNDRIPEweb.pdf> [accessed 17 March 2025]UNESCO Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws <https://www.unesco.org/en/cultnatlaws> [accessed 17 March 2025]UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 1995
<https://www.unidroit.org/instruments/cultural-property/1995-convention/> [accessed 17 March 2025]

Case law

Attorney General v. Trustees of the British Museum [1903] 2 Ch 598Attorney General v Trustees of the British Museum [2005] EWHC 1089 (Ch) <https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2005/1089.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]Attorney General of New Zealand v. Ortiz [1984] AC 1 <https://www.5rb.com/case/attorney-general-of-new-zealand-v-ortiz/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Bumper Development Corporation v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and Others [1991] 1 WLR 1362Syllogos v The United Kingdom. European Court of Human Rights Application no. 48259/15 <https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng/?i=001-164309> [accessed 17 March 2025]

BOOKS

Barkan, E. & Bush, R. Claiming the Stones/Naming the Bones: Cultural Property and the Negotiation of National & Ethnic Identity. (Getty Research Institute, 2002)Burgis, T. The Looting Machine: Warlords, Oligarchs, Corporations, Smugglers, and the Theft of Africa's Wealth. (William Collins, 2015)Fletcher, A., Antoine, D. & Hill, J. D. (ed.) Regarding the Dead: Human Remains in the British Museum. The British Museum Press, 2014 <https://www.britishmuseum.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/Regarding-the-Dead_02102015.pdf> [accessed 17 March 2025]Herman, A. The Parthenon Marbles Dispute: Heritage, Law, Politics (Hart, 2023)Herman, A. Restitution: The Return of Cultural Artefacts. (Lund Humphries, 2021)Hicks, D. The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. (Pluto Press, 2020)Hitchens, C. The Elgin Marbles: Should They be Returned to Greece? (Verso, 1998)Jacobs, J. M. Plunder: How Museums Got Their Treasures. (Reaktion Books, 2024)Proctor, A. The Whole Picture: The Colonial Story of the Art in Our Museums & Why We Need to Talk About It (Cassell, 2021)Robertson, G. Who Owns History?: Elgin’s Loot and the Case for Returning Plundered Treasure. (Biteback, 2019) [Held at the Inner Temple Library]Stahn, C. 'Confronting Colonial Heritage: Introducing Entanglements, Continuities, and Transformations' in Confronting Colonial Objects: Histories, Legalities, and Access to Culture (Oxford University Press, 2023) <https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868121.003.0001> [accessed 17 March 2025]Ulph, J. The Illicit Trade in Art and Antiquities : International Recovery and Criminal and Civil Liability (Hart, 2012) [Held at the Inner Temple Library]Vrdoljak, A. F. International Law, Museums and the Return of Cultural Objects. (Cambridge University Press, 2006) [Held at the Inner Temple Library]

ARTICLES & REPORTS

Alberge, D. ‘Museums in England and Wales to Gain Powers to Dispose of Objects on Moral Grounds’. (The Guardian, 25 September 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/sep/25/museums-england-wales-powers-to-dispose-objects-moral-grounds> [accessed 17 March 2025]Ardiyansyah, P. ‘Object Repatriation and Knowledge Co-production for Indonesia’s Cultural Artefacts.’ (LSE Blog, 4 November 2021) <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/seac/2021/11/04/object-repatriation-and-knowledge-co-production-for-indonesias-cultural-artefacts/ [accessed 17 March 2025]Caligiuri, A. ‘Legal Aspects Concerning the Restitution of Cultural Property Removed During Colonial Occupation.’ (Questions of International Law, 31 January 2024) <https://www.qil-qdi.org/legal-aspects-concerning-the-restitution-of-cultural-property-removed-during-colonial-occupation/> [accessed 17 March 2025Chechi, A. 'Repairing Historic Injustices: The Return of Indigenous Peoples' Ancestral Human Remains Through Transitional Justice.' (International Journal of Cultural Property, Vol. 30, No. 4)Chen, J. ‘Monarchy and Museum Ethics: The Darker Side of What's on Display’. (Harvard International Review, 8 February 2023) <https://hir.harvard.edu/monarchy-and-museum-ethics/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Chishty, F. & Ameen, N. ‘Stolen Treasures’. (Counsel, 19 February 2024) <https://www.counselmagazine.co.uk/articles/stolen-treasures> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Code of Ethics for Museums’. (Museums Association, [n.d.]) <https://www.museumsassociation.org/campaigns/ethics/code-of-ethics/> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Contested Objects from the Collection’. (British Museum [n.d.]) <https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection> [accessed 17 March 2025]Edwards, E. ‘Addressing Colonial Narratives in Museums’. (British Academy, 19 April 2018) <https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/addressing-colonial-narratives-museums/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Eyssette, J. ‘Restitution vs. Retention: Reassessing Discourses on the African Cultural Heritage.’ (African Studies Review, 16 January 2023) <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/restitution-vs-retention-reassessing-discourses-on-the-african-cultural-heritage/3BDADDB72423C44C4734B1AC7FFF2ECA> [accessed 17 March 2025]FitzGibbon, F. ‘We Need a Fair and Formal Process for Restitution Claims – But What Would that Look Like?’ (Apollo, 21 July 2021) <https://www.apollo-magazine.com/restitution-process-uk-museums-spoliation-advisory-panel/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Gbadamosi, N. ‘Stealing Africa: How Britain Looted the Continent’s Art’. (Al Jazeera, 12 October 2021) <https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/10/12/stealing-africa-how-britain-looted-the-continents-art> [accessed 17 March 2025]Gunning, L. P. & Challis, D. ‘Planned Plunder, the British Museum, and the 1868 Maqdala Expedition’. (The Historical Journal, Vol. 66, Issue 3) <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/planned-plunder-the-british-museum-and-the-1868-maqdala-expedition/3109780C72D6A3E24D6B5A5387B6087C> [accessed 17 March 2025]Harris, G. ‘Repatriation of Objects is on the Government’s Agenda, Says UK Culture Secretary’. (The Art Newspaper, 24 September 2024) <https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/09/24/repatriation-of-objects-is-on-the-governments-agenda-says-uk-culture-secretary> [accessed 17 March 2025]Hatton, C. ‘The Long Struggle to Return Cambodia's Looted Treasures.’ (BBC News, 12 May 2022) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-61354625> [accessed 17 March 2025]Keith, L. ‘Who Gets to Tell the Story of Ancient Egypt?’ (Smithsonian Magazine, 13 December 2022) <https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-gets-to-tell-the-story-of-ancient-egypt-180981263/> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘List of Repatriations from Scottish Museums’. (Museums Galleries Scotland, [n.d.]) <https://www.museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk/advice-article/list-of-repatriations-from-scottish-museums/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Lunden, S. 'Distorting History in the Restitution Debate: Dan Hicks' "Brutish Museums" and Fact and Fiction in Benin Historiography'. (International Journal of Cultural Property, Vol. 31, No. 2)Merritt, E. C. ‘Human Body Parts for Sale, on Display and in Collections: Law, Policy and Campaigns for Repatriation.’ (House of Lords Library, 7 March 2025) <https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/human-body-parts-for-sale-on-display-and-in-collections-law-policy-and-campaigns-for-repatriation/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Moore, A. L. ‘Looted Art: The Case of the Parthenon Sculptures.’ (The Osprey Journal of Ideas & Inquiry, 2007) <https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=ojii_volumes> [accessed 17 March 2025Pankhurst, R. ‘Ethiopia, the Aksum Obelisk, and the Return of Africa's Cultural Heritage’. (African Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 391 (1999))Ramadurai, C. ‘The Sleuths Bringing Back India’s Stolen Treasures’ (BBC Culture, 18 April 2023) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/culture/article/20230417-the-sleuths-bringing-back-indias-stolen-treasures> [accessed 17 March 2025]'Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, 1816' <https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n3/mode/2up> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Restitution and Repatriation: A Practical Guide for Museums in England’. (Arts Council England, September 2023) <https://www.artscouncil.org.uk/supporting-arts-museums-and-libraries/supporting-collections-and-cultural-property/restitution-and-repatriation-practical-guide-museums-england> [accessed 17 March 2025]Scott, D. A. 'Modern Antiquities: The Looted and the Faked'. (International Journal of Cultural Property, Vol. 30, No. 4)Shariatmadari, D. ‘“They’re Not Property”: The People Who Want Their Ancestors Back from British Museums.’ (The Guardian, 23 April 2019) <https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/apr/23/theyre-not-property-the-people-who-want-their-ancestors-back-from-british-museums> [accessed 17 March 2025]Sommerlad, J. ‘From Elgin Marbles to Moai heads: What Artefacts Have the British Museum Been Urged to Return?’ (The Independent, 3 December 2024) <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/elgin-marbles-greece-starmer-british-museum-b2657868.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]Stutz, L. N. 'Ethical Entanglements: Human Remains, Museums and Ethics in a European Perspective.’ (Antiquity, Vol. 99, Issue 403) <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/ethical-entanglements-human-remains-museums-and-ethics-in-a-european-perspective/5901310210D24804117CB4006975E72B> [accessed 17 March 2025]Van Beurden, S. ‘LOOT: Colonial Collections and African Restitution Debates’. (Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective [n.d.]) <https://origins.osu.edu/read/loot-colonial-collections-and-african-restitution-debates> [accessed 17 March 2025]Walsdorf, A. ‘Why Wellcome Closed its Medicine Man Exhibition - and Others Should Follow Suit’. (The Conversation, 16 December 2022) <https://theconversation.com/why-wellcome-closed-its-medicine-man-exhibition-and-others-should-follow-suit-196171> [accessed 17 March 2025]Woodhead, C. ‘Returning Nazi Loot’. (Counsel, 31 July 2010) <https://www.counselmagazine.co.uk/articles/returning-nazi-loot> [accessed 17 March 2025]Woodhouse, J. & Pepin, S. ‘Parthenon Sculptures’. (House of Commons Library Briefing Paper, 9 June 2017) <https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN02075/SN02075.pdf> [accessed 17 March 2025

PODCASTS

‘The Benin Bronzes and Why Their Return to Nigeria Matters’ (Today in Focus, 30 August 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2022/aug/30/the-benin-bronzes-return-to-nigeria-podcast> [accessed 17 March 2025]Loot! (EJIL: The Podcast!, Episode 13, 21 December 2021) <https://www.ejiltalk.org/ejil-the-podcast-episode-13-loot/> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Is it Time for Britain to Return the Rosetta Stone?’ (The Inquiry, 27 October 2022) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3ct39tp> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘What are Museums For?’ (Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge, 27 January 2022) <https://fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/conversations/podcasts/episode/restitution> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘How to Return Stolen Art’. (Freakonomics, 17 May 2023) <https://freakonomics.com/podcast/how-to-return-stolen-art/> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Investigating the Tabots’. (Returning Heritage Podcast, 22 May 2024) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xKWUJKpkK8&t=2s> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘The Parthenon Marbles Dispute’. (The Art Law Podcast, 4 March 2024) <https://artlawpodcast.com/2024/03/04/the-parthenon-marbles-dispute/> [accessed 17 March 2025]

CASE STUDIES

Adams, G. K. ‘Horniman Formally Hands Over Warumungu Artefacts’. (Museums Journal, 12 September 2024) <https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2024/09/horniman-formally-hands-over-warumungu-artefacts/#> [accessed 17 March 2025]Adams, G. K. ‘A New Approach to Repatriation’. (Museums Journal, 2 November 2020) <https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/features/2020/11/a-new-approach-to-repatriation/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Atkinson, R. ‘Largest-ever Repatriation of Cultural Artefacts from a Scottish Museum Given Green Light’. (Museums Journal, 20 April 2022) <https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2022/04/largest-ever-repatriation-of-cultural-artefacts-from-a-scottish-museum-given-green-light/> [accessed 17 March 2025]Bailey, M. ‘Victoria and Albert Museum Returns—and Reattaches—a Third-Century Marble Head of Greek God Taken from Turkey’. (The Art Newspaper, 1 July 2022) <https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/07/01/victoria-and-albert-museum-returnsand-reattachesa-third-century-marble-head-of-greek-god-taken-from-turkey> [accessed 17 March 2025]Bakare, L. ‘University of Aberdeen to Return Pillaged Benin Bronze to Nigeria.’ (The Guardian, 25 March 2021) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/25/university-of-aberdeen-to-return-pillaged-benin-bronze-to-nigeria> [accessed 17 March 2025]Bell, S., Longchap, B. & Little, J. ‘Caribou Coat in English Museum Heading Home to Northern Quebec’. (CBC, 27 October 2021) <https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/caribou-coat-naskapi-aanischaaukamikw-cree-cultural-institute-1.6226947> [accessed 17 March 2025]Brown, M. ‘Manchester Museum Hands Back 174 Objects to Indigenous Australian Islanders.’ (The Guardian, 5 September 2023) <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/sep/05/manchester-museum-hands-back-objects-to-indigenous-australian-anindilyakwa> [accessed 17 March 2025]Brown, M. ‘Totem Pole Begins “Rematriation” from Edinburgh to Nisga’a Nation in Canada’. (The Guardian, 28 August 2023) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/28/totem-pole-begins-rematriation-from-edinburgh-to-nisgaa-nation-in-canada> [accessed 17 March 2025]Brown, M. ‘UK Museum Agrees to Return Ethiopian Emperor's Hair’. (The Guardian, 4 March 2019) <https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2019/mar/04/uk-museum-agrees-to-return-ethiopian-emperors-hair> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Burmese Will Get Back Art British Seized in ’85.’ (New York Times, 11 November 1964 )<https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/11/burmese-will-get-back-art-british-seized-in-85.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]Durie, A. '"Can You Steal Back Something That’s Already Stolen?": How Radical Art Duo Looty Repatriated the Rosetta Stone.' (The Guardian, 25 April 2024) <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/apr/25/radical-art-collective-looty-rosetta-stone-benin-bronzes> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Ethiopian Artefact Found in Cupboard’. (BBC News, 6 December 2001) <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1695102.stm> [accessed 17 March 2025]'Glasgow Becomes First UK Museums Service to Repatriate Artefacts to India (Glasgow Life, 19 August 2022) <https://glasgowlife.org.uk/news/glasgow-becomes-first-uk-museums-service-to-repatriate-artefacts-to-india> [accessed 17 March 2025]Gudge, E. 'Sunhat 'Violently Taken' by Colonisers Returned'. (BBC News, 4 November 2024) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqxw0q9nrpqo> [accessed 17 March 2025]Halliday, J ‘London Museum to Return 72 Benin Treasures to Nigeria.’ (The Guardian, 7 August 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/aug/07/london-museum-horniman-returns-72-benin-treasures-to-nigeria> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Javanese Manuscripts from Yogyakarta Digitisation Project Completed’. (British Library Asian and African Studies Blog, 1 April 2019) <https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2019/04/javanese-manuscripts-from-yogyakarta-digitisation-project-completed.html?_ga=2.194077992.486168961.1630142735-1290968531.1630142735> [accessed 17 March 2025]Kokutse, F. ‘Ghana Artifacts That Were Looted 150 Years Ago by British Forces Have Been Returned by a US Museum.’ (The Independent, 9 February 2024) <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ghana-ap-accra-british-african-b2493507.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]Muhumuza, R. ‘The University of Cambridge Returns 39 Traditional Artifcats to Uganda in a Major Act of Restitution’. (The Independent, 13 June 2024) <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uganda-ap-university-of-cambridge-cambridge-east-african-b2561708.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘The Natural History Museum, Hokotehi Moriori Trust and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Hold Formal Ceremony to Mark the Return of Ancestral Remains to New Zealand’. (The Natural History Museum, 20 June 2022) <https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/formal-ceremony-marks-return.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]Otzen, E. ‘The Man Who Returned his Grandfather’s Looted Art’. (BBC News, 26 February 2015) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31605284> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Oxford University to Return Bronze Sculpture of Hindu Saint to India’. (The Independent, 10 June 2024) <https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ashmolean-museum-ap-india-oxford-university-hindu-b2559945.html> [accessed 17 March 2025]Prickett, K. ‘Cambridge College Returns 18th Century Aboriginal Spears’. (BBC News, 23 April 2024) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-68875158> [accessed 17 March 2025]'Restitutions by Country'. (Returing Heritage, [n.d.]) <https://www.returningheritage.com/geographic-archive#RestitutionsbyCountry> [accessed 17 March 2025]‘Sacred Headdress Handed Over to Siksika Nation’. (BBC News, 5 June 2024) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cw88dlj9vvxo> [accessed 17 March 2025]Sherwood, H. ‘London Museum Returns Looted Benin City Artefacts to Nigeria.’ (The Guardian, 28 November 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2022/nov/28/london-museum-returns-looted-benin-city-artefacts-to-nigeria> [accessed 17 March 2025]

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